{"id":6081,"date":"2013-05-08T14:06:09","date_gmt":"2013-05-08T14:06:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thalesandfriends.org\/?p=6081"},"modified":"2023-09-18T13:23:20","modified_gmt":"2023-09-18T10:23:20","slug":"o-mathimatikos-ton-tessaron-xromaton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thalesandfriends.org\/el\/2013\/05\/08\/o-mathimatikos-ton-tessaron-xromaton\/","title":{"rendered":"O \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/thalesandfriends.org\/el\/2013\/05\/08\/kenneth-appel-o-mathimatikos-ton-tessaron-xromaton\/kenneth-appel-dies_ml\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6082\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-6082\" src=\"http:\/\/thalesandfriends.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Kenneth-Appel-Dies_ml.jpg\" alt=\"Kenneth Appel Dies_ml\" width=\"320\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thalesandfriends.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Kenneth-Appel-Dies_ml.jpg 320w, https:\/\/thalesandfriends.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Kenneth-Appel-Dies_ml-300x217.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/a>O <strong>Kenneth Appel<\/strong>, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <strong>Wolfgang Haken<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u0399\u0392\u039c \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf \u00ab\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb, \u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 19 \u0391\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 80 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p>\u039f Kenneth Appel, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 100 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u00ab\u0398\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03a7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039d\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc <strong>Francis Guthrie<\/strong>, \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 1850, \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b6\u03bb \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u039f \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1: \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae, \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>\u039f Kenneth Appel \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Wolfgang Haken \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf 1976 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03b9\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae IBM 370-168, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 1200 \u03ce\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 10 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>O Keneth Appel \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 8 \u039f\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1932 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03af\u03bd\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Queens College, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf University of Michigan, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0399\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf 1961 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>\u039d\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5, \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf \u00ab\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <strong>\u03a4\u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b7<\/strong> \u00ab\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb (\u0395\u03ba\u03b4. \u03a0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2) \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 20\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O Kenneth Appel, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Wolfgang Haken \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u0399\u0392\u039c \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf \u00ab\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb, 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